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Chụp hình ngày 5-6-2011 tại thành phố Hồ Chí Minh ( Saigon ) , Southern of Vietnam
Taken on June 5, 2011 in Ho chi Minh city ( Saigon ), Southern of Vietnam.
Vietnamese named : Mã Rạng Ba Thùy, Mã Rạng, Long Màng, Lông Màng.
Common names :
Scientist name : Macaranga triloba (Blume) Arg
Synonyms : Pachystemon trilobus Blume; Ricinus trilobus Reinw. ex Blume
Family : Euphorbiaceae
Kingdom :Plantae
(unranked) :Angiosperms
(unranked) :Eudicots
(unranked) :Rosids
Order :Malpighiales
Family :Euphorbiaceae
Genus :Macaranga
Species : Macaranga triloba (Blume) Arg.
**** www.vncreatures.net/chitiet.php?page=6&loai=2&img...
**** www.botanyvn.com/cnt.asp?param=edir&v=Macaranga%20tri...
**** vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi_M%C3%A3_r%E1%BA%A1ng
Chi Mã rạng hay chi Ba soi (danh pháp khoa học: Macaranga) là một chi lớn, bao gồm các loại cây thân gỗ của khu vực nhiệt đới Cựu thế giới, thuộc họ Đại kích (Euphorbiaceae) và là chi duy nhất của phân tông Macaranginae. Có nguồn gốc từ châu Phi, châu Á và châu Đại Dương, chi này bao gồm khoảng trên 300 loài khác nhau. Các loài thực vật này đáng chú ý vì khả năng tái định cư, nghĩa là chúng thuộc về nhóm thực vật có khả năng xuất hiện đầu tiên trên các vùng đất bị bỏ hoang.
Các loài trong chi Macaranga bị ấu trùng của một số loài thuộc bộ Cánh vẩy (Lepidoptera) phá hại, chẳng hạn như Endoclita malabaricus.
Chi Macaranga về mặt hình thái học đã thích nghi với vỏ thân cây mỏng để tạo ra domatia (nhà ở) cho các loài kiến từ chi Crematogaster, và các loài kiến này lại bảo vệ cho cây không bị các loài động vật khác phá hại
Sử dụng
Nhựa gôm Macaranga, một loại nhựa màu đỏ, thu được từ cây mã rạng Ấn Độ (Macaranga indica).
Đồng nghĩa
Các tên gọi sau đây là đồng nghĩa của chi này:
Adenoceras Rchb.f. & Zoll. cũ Baill.
Mappa A.Juss
Mecostylis Kurz cũ Teijsm. & Binn.
Pachystemon Blume
Panopia Noronha cũ Thouars
Phocea Seem.
Tanarius Kuntze
**** www.lrc-hueuni.edu.vn/dongy/show_target.plx?url=/thuocdon...
Long màng - Macaranga triloba (Blume) Arg., thuộc họ Thầu dầu - Euphorbiaceae.
Mô tả: Cây gỗ cao 8-10m, có nhánh nhẵn và mốc mốc, rễ cà kheo. Lá hình khiên chia ba thuỳ, dạng chung gần tròn, có lấm chấm điểm tuyến màu vàng ở dưới, dài 15-20cm, rộng 12-15cm. Hoa đực thành chuỳ ở nách, với nhiều nhánh, dài 20cm, cụm hoa cái giống cụm hoa đực nhưng ngắn hơn (9cm) không có nhánh bậc ba. Quả nang hình cầu, có 4 góc, rộng 8-9mm, màu mốc nhớt. Hạt 4, hình cầu, rộng 4-5mm, nhăn nheo.
Quả tháng 12-2.
Bộ phận dùng: Lá - Folium Mucarangae Trilobae.
Nơi sống và thu hái: Cây mọc nhiều ở miền Nam nước ta, trong rừng thường xanh, dựa suối đến 400m, tại các tỉnh Ðồng Nai, Sông Bé, Kiên Giang (Phú Quốc). Còn phân bố ở Campuchia, Thái Lan, Ấn Ðộ, Inđônêxia.
Thành phần hoá học: Lá chứa nhiều tanin, đến 14% trọng lượng khô. Vỏ chứa chất gôm Kino.
Công dụng, chỉ định và phối hợp: ở Java lá được dùng sắc uống trị đau dạ dày.
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**** www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?23043
**** www.uni-due.de/botanik/heil/Heiletal_FunctEcol2002__19.pdf
**** en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaranga
Macaranga Thouars 1806 [1] is a large genus of Old World tropical trees of the family Euphorbiaceae and the only genus in the subtribe Macaranginae. Native to Africa, Australasia, Asia and the South Pacific, the genus comprises over 300 different species. These plants are noted for being recolonizers. Macaranga species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Endoclita malabaricus. Macaranga species often form symbioses with ant (Formicidae) species (particularly Crematogaster ants of the subgenus Decacrema) because they have hollow stems that can serve as nesting space and occasionally provide nectar. The trees benefit because the ants attack herbivorous insects and either drive them away or feed on them
**** www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14751306
Phytochemistry. 2004 Feb;65(3):345-50.
Potential cancer chemopreventive constituents of the leaves of Macaranga triloba.
Jang DS, Cuendet M, Pawlus AD, Kardono LB, Kawanishi K, Farnsworth NR, Fong HH, Pezzuto JM, Kinghorn AD.
Source
Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
Abstract
Activity-guided fractionation of the leaves of Macaranga triloba, using an in vitro bioassay based on the inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2, resulted in the isolation of a rotenoid, 4,5-dihydro-5'alpha-hydroxy-4'alpha-methoxy-6a,12a-dehydro-alpha-toxicarol (1), as well as 12 known compounds, (+)-clovan-2beta,9alpha-diol, ferulic acid, 3,7,3',4'-tetramethylquercetin, 3,7,3'-trimethylquercetin, 3,7-dimethylquercetin, abscisic acid, 1beta,6alpha-dihydroxy-4(15)-eudesmene, 3beta-hydroxy-24-ethylcholest-5-en-7-one, loliolide, scopoletin, taraxerol, and 3-epi-taraxerol. The structure of compound 1 was determined using spectroscopic methods. All isolates were evaluated for their potential to inhibit cyclooxygenases-1 and -2 by measuring PGE(2) production, and to induce quinone reductase in cultured Hepa 1c1c7 mouse hepatoma cells.
**** www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22561914
Fitoterapia. 2012 Jul;83(5):968-72. Epub 2012 Apr 27.
Flavonoids with antiplasmodial and cytotoxic activities of Macaranga triloba.
Zakaria I, Ahmat N, Jaafar FM, Widyawaruyanti A.
Source
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
Abstract
A new flavanone derivative, malaysianone A (1), four prenylated flavanones, 6-prenyl-3'-methoxyeriodictyol (2), nymphaeol B (3), nymphaeol C (4) and 6-farnesyl-3',4',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavanone (5), and two coumarins, 5,7-dihydroxycoumarin (6) and scopoletin (7), were isolated from the dichloromethane extract of the inflorescences of Macaranga triloba. The structures of these compounds were elucidated based on spectroscopic methods including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR-1D and 2D), UV, IR and mass spectrometry. The cytotoxic activity of the compounds was tested against several cell lines, with 5 inhibiting very strongly the growth of HeLa and HL-60 cells (IC(50): 1.3 μg/ml and 3.3 μg/ml, respectively). Compound 5 also showed strong antiplasmodial activity (IC(50): 0.06 μM).
Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
**** openagricola.nal.usda.gov/Record/IND20627982
Food body production in Macaranga triloba (Euphorbiaceae): a plant investment in anti-herbivore defence via symbiotic ant partners.
Quantifying the costs is the first step necessary for assessing the net value of any plant trait, and the costs of defence mechanisms in particular are largely unknown. Several species of the important south-east Asian pioneer tree genus Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae) possess hollow stems that harbour ant colonies that act as a 'biotic' anti-herbivore defence. In Macaranga triloba, ants are nourished by food bodies (FBs) that are produced on the abaxial surfaces of recurved stipules. We estimated the costs arising from this kind of anti-herbivore defence by following FB production. FB production of 36 different-sized plants was estimated in the field by comparing even-aged stipules with and without access for ants. FB dry mass production amounted to about 5% of daily above-ground biomass production in unbranched saplings. When the chemical composition of FB and leaf tissue was taken into account, this represented about 9% of the above-ground tissue construction costs. In energetic terms, unbranched saplings invested 0.6-5% of their total assimilation in the FBs. The relative investment in anti-herbivore defence arising from FB production decreased hyperbolically with increasing plant size. However, a linear relationship was found between FB production and plant size. Thus, in spite of the plants' decreasing relative investment with increasing size, a continually increasing food supply was provided for the ant colonies. A second study was conducted to investigate whether FB production is influenced quantitatively by the presence of symbiotic ants. Ant-inhabited plants produced up to 35 times (mean 8 times) more FBs than similar-sized but ant-free ones. This difference resulted mainly from lower stipule numbers in ant-free plants. FB production of a whole plant therefore seems to be regulated to a high degree via stipule longevity. Since the ants protect their host-plant very effectively, nourishing specialized mutualistic ants by FBs must be considered a rather...
**** www.nationaalherbarium.nl/euphorbs/specM/MacarangaPachyst...
170. Macaranga triloba (Thunb.) Müll.Arg. (Section Pachystemon)
Macaranga triloba (Thunb.) Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2 (1866) 989; Blume, Cat. (1823) 108; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5 (1887) 452; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.vii (1914) 380; Merr., Enum. Philipp. Flow. Pl. (1923) 443; Gagnep. in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5 (1926) 439; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1 (1963) 488; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26 (1972) 292; Thoth. & Banerjee, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 15 (1973) 166; Chakrab., J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. Addit. Ser. 11 (1987) 22. 1987; S.J.Davies, Harvard Pap. Bot. 6 (2001) 418. — Ricinus trilobus Thunb., Ricin. (1815) 6. — Pachystemon trilobum (Thunb.) Reinw. ex Blume, Bijdr. (1825) 626. — Lectotype (S.J.Davies, 2001): Blume s.n. (holo: L, not seen; iso: BO, K, A [pict.]), Indonesia, Java.
Macaranga cornuta Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2 (1866) 988. — Type: Teijsmann s.n. (holotype: K), Indonesia, Java, cultivated in Bogor.
Macaranga quadricornis Ridl., Kew Bull. (1923) 367. — Type: Ridley s.n. (holotype: K; A [pict.]), Malaysia, Selangor, Semangkok Pass, Bukit Telaga.
Macaranga triloba auct. non (Thunb.) Müll.Arg.L Holthuis & Lam, Blumea 5 (1942) 202; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 37 (1982) 28.
Small tree to 20 m tall, but frequently reproductive from as small as 3-4 m tall; twigs 6-12 mm in diam., mostly glabrous or sometimes covered in a fine tomentum of short erect hairs and then soon becoming almost glabrous, solid, not housing ants. Bark smooth, light grey-brown, hoop marked. Stipules ovate to ovate-elliptic, 7-15 by 5-14 mm, light green when fresh, spreading or slightly recurved but not appressed to the stem, coriaceous, mostly glabrous or with scattered fine ferrugineus hairs and erect silvery hairs towards the base, the pair completely encircling the twig, usually at least 4 pairs and up to 10 pairs present on the shoots. Leaves: petioles terete, (8-)10-25 cm long, not glaucous, glabrous or covered with short erect silvery hairs or scattered with longer erect hairs; blades ovate to broadly ovate, (12-)15-35 by (8-)12-24(-30) cm, all green or with deep magenta abaxial surfaces which sometimes persist in mature leaves, trilobed, sometimes with an additional pair of basal leaf cusps, dissected to 1/3-2/3 of the leaf length, central lobe broad 6-12(-14) cm wide at the base and narrowing gradually to the apex, lateral lobes usually quite broad 3-6(-8) cm wide and ascending or spreading, 1.5-6.5 cm peltate, base rounded to rarely almost truncate when additional basal leaf cusps present, margin characteristically appearing almost serrate due to prominent marginal nectaries arising from 2° and 3° veins, often with scattered fine erect silvery hairs, apices acute to finely acuminate, adaxial surface mostly glabrous but often with scattered silvery erect pointed hairs at the base of the main veins, abaxial surface scattered to densely covered with short and long erect silvery hairs particularly on the veins, not glaucous; 1° venation palmate with (7-)8-9(-10) prominent veins, 2° venation scalariforin, looping near the leaf margins and terminating at the margin in prominent c. 1 mm diameter conical nectaries; 3°-4° venation densely scalariform, prominent; young leaves red-brown, scattered with ferrugineus hairs and erect silvery hairs, the leaf bud very densely covered in erect sharp-pointed silvery or golden hairs which become scattered as the leaf matures, and with very prominent conical marginal nectaries. Staminate inflorescences paniculate, erect, (8-)10-22 by 8-16 cm, light green when fresh, drying black, basal axes glabrous or sometimes with scattered long silvery and short ferrugineus hairs, distal axes densely to very densely ferrugineus pubescent, 3-4 axis orders with the branches usually long and straight, basal unbranched main axis (1-)3-7 cm long, flattened, first pair of secondary branches opposite with accessory branches; bracts ovate-elliptic, 5-8 by 3-6 mm, margin entire or sometimes with additional short narrow lateral cusps, apex acute to acuminate, glabrous or usually with fine ferrugineus hairs along the margin and scattered towards the base, caducous or sometimes several persisting; flower clusters with (15-)20-30(-35) flowers, spirally arranged and grouped towards the distal ends of ultimate inflorescence branches; bracteoles ovate to ovate-elliptic, (2-)3-5 by (2-)3-4.5 mm, enclosing flower clusters, margin entire but sometimes dissected with 1-4 short lateral points, apex acuminate to finely caudate with the tip sometimes curled back, rarely acute when young, both surfaces densely covered with minute ferrugineus hairs, with a dense patch of hairs towards the base of the adaxial surface, abaxial surface usually with minute yellow granular glands. Staminate flowers 0.7-1.0 mm long, sessile; sepals fused, splitting into 3 lobes to 1/5-1/4 of length, apex densely covered in minute ferrugineus hairs; stamens 1; anthers 3-locular. Pistillate inflorescences paniculate, erect, 4-15 by 2-10 cm, stout, either unbranched or with one pair of short opposite branches, without accessory branches, the flowers usually clustered at ends of the axes, glabrous towards the base and moderately to densely ferrugineus pubescent towards the apex, sometimes with scattered longer silvery erect hairs; bracts broadly ovate, 3-5 by 3-5 mm, apex acute to rounded and sometimes with several narrow short teeth, ferrugineus pubescent on both surfaces, abaxial surface scattered with yellow granular glands, caducous. Pistillate flowers 3-4 mm long, solitary in bract axils; calyx urceolate, 1-2 mm long, densely ferrugineus pubescent, with scattered yellow granular glands towards the apex, persistent, splitting irregularly as ovary expands; ovary 4-5-carpellate, c. 1.5 mm long; styles 2-3 mm long, with long and finely acuminate apices, expanding as fruit matures, fused at base, free and spreading from c. 1/3 of the length, persisting to form a prominent 3-5 mm long crown at the fruit apex; stigma not dissected. Fruits subglobose, 6-8 by 10-13 mm, compressed, sessile, one discrete glandular patch on each carpel wall developing into a long slender horn-like process 3-6 mm long, covered in yellow, sticky exudate, glabrous or rarely with some scattered ferrugineus hairs towards the base and on the sutures. Seeds subtriangular-ovoid, 4-4.5 mm in diam., black, with shallow coarse grooves and a small cruciform scar at the columella attachment point, completely encased in a fleshy bright red aril.
Distribution — Peninsular Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra (incl. Bangka), Java, Philippines (Palawan, Sulu Prov.). Unknown for Borneo, but it has been reported from Indochina this is yet to be confirmed.
Habitat & Ecology — Macaranga triloba is a small to medium sized early successional tree occurring from the lowlands up to c. 1400 m. It grows in a wide range of habitats, including dryland dipterocarp forests and on the edges of swampy forest. Macaranga triloba is one of few species in section Pachystemon that grow in seasonally dry forest; in Java it is very common on several of the mountains along the volcanic chain.
Notes — 1. Thunberg (1815) did not mention a type specimen. The descriptions of Blume (1825) and subsequently Müll.Arg. (1866) clearly refer to the same species. It seems likely that Thunberg had access to Blume's collection in writing the description, and it is therefore chosen as the lectotype.
2. There has been much misunderstanding in the application of the name Macaranga triloba. For many years the widespread ant-inhabited species, which occurs throughout western Malesia, was incorrectly referred to as M. triloba. Smith (1903) and Ridley (1910) were among the earliest biologists to remark on the extraordinary relationship formed between Macaranga triloba and ants of the genus Crematogaster. Even though Pax and Hoffmann (1914) did not describe M. triloba as having hollow ant-inhabited twigs in their revision of the genus, subsequent authors continued to refer to M. triloba as ant inhabited (Baker, 1934). An examination of the type specimens in Herbarium Bogoriense revealed that M. triloba is not in fact ant-inhabited, and that the widespread ant-inhabited species is M. bancana.
3. Macaranga triloba and M. bancana differ in numerous characteristics, and are not very closely related. In addition to having solid stems, M. triloba has erect coriaceous stipules, acuminate to caudate staminate bracteole apices, and long horns on the fruits; M. bancana has none of these features.
4. Macaranga triloba is more closely related to M. depressa f. depressa. Both species have solid stems, coriaceous stipules that are not appressed to the stem, and long horns on the mature fruits. Macaranga triloba differs in having larger leaves, with a substantially larger lamina. The leaf lobes in M. depressa f. depressa are more narrow and spreading than in M. triloba. The staminate bracteoles are larger and have a much more elongated caudate apex in M. triloba.
5. Macaranga triloba, as here circumscribed, includes the specimens previously referred to M. quadricornis Ridley. That taxon was recognized by Whitmore (1969, 1973, 1982) to occur in several disjunct populations in the Malay peninsula and in Sumatra. The observation that the taxon occurs in submontane areas in the mountains of the Peninsula and in the lowlands of Johore prompted Whitmore (1969) to infer that the species had evolved independently in these locations. However, a closer analysis of morphological variation in the species closely related to M. triloba indicates that M. quadricornis does not differ significantly from the widespread M. triloba. Macaranga quadricornis had previously been recognized on the basis of the magenta colour of the leaf undersurfaces that often (but not always) persists when the leaves mature. In other characters there are not consistent differences between these taxa.
6. Across the full ecological and altitudinal range of M. triloba there is morphological variation. For example, the acumen of the staminate bracteole appears to be particularly long in individuals from peninsular Malaysia. In addition, the degree of pubescence on the leaf undersurfaces varies substantially within that area. Further analysis of the morphological variation in this species is needed, particularly in relation to the closely related M. depressa f. depressa.medium length hair styles 2011
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